Makristalo amodzi ndi osowa kwambiri, ndipo ngakhale atakhalapo, nthawi zambiri amakhala ang'onoang'ono kwambiri—nthawi zambiri pa sikelo ya millimeter (mm)—ndipo ndi ovuta kuwapeza. Ma diamondi, ma emerald, ma agate, ndi zina zotero, nthawi zambiri sagulitsidwa pamsika, osatchulanso ntchito zamafakitale; ambiri amawonetsedwa m'nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zakale kuti aziwonetsedwa. Komabe, makristalo ena amodzi ali ndi phindu lalikulu m'mafakitale, monga silicon imodzi ya kristalo mumakampani ophatikizira ma circuit, safiro yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magalasi owonera, ndi silicon carbide, yomwe ikukula kwambiri m'ma semiconductors a m'badwo wachitatu. Kutha kupanga makristalo amodzi awa m'mafakitale sikungoyimira mphamvu muukadaulo wamafakitale ndi sayansi komanso ndi chizindikiro cha chuma. Chofunikira chachikulu pakupanga makristalo amodzi m'makampani ndi kukula kwakukulu, chifukwa ichi ndi chofunikira kwambiri kuti muchepetse ndalama moyenera. Pansipa pali makristalo ena omwe amapezeka pamsika:
1. Sapphire Single Crystal
Krustalo imodzi ya safiro imatanthauza α-Al₂O₃, yomwe ili ndi dongosolo la makristalo la hexagonal, kuuma kwa Mohs kwa 9, komanso mphamvu zokhazikika za mankhwala. Sisungunuka mumadzimadzi owononga acidic kapena alkaline, imalimbana ndi kutentha kwambiri, ndipo imatumiza kuwala bwino, kutentha kwa kutentha, komanso kutchinjiriza magetsi.
Ngati ma ayoni a Al mu kristalo alowedwa m'malo ndi ma ayoni a Ti ndi Fe, kristaloyo imaoneka yabuluu ndipo imatchedwa safiro. Ngati ilowedwa m'malo ndi ma ayoni a Cr, imaoneka yofiira ndipo imatchedwa ruby. Komabe, safiro wa mafakitale ndi α-Al₂O₃ yoyera, yopanda utoto komanso yowonekera, yopanda zodetsa.
Maswiti a mafakitale nthawi zambiri amakhala ngati ma wafer, okwana 400–700 μm ndi mainchesi 4–8 m'mimba mwake. Awa amadziwika kuti ma wafer ndipo amadulidwa kuchokera ku ma ingot a kristalo. Pansipa pali ingot yomwe yangotulutsidwa kumene kuchokera ku ng'anjo imodzi ya kristalo, yomwe sinapukutidwe kapena kudulidwa.
Mu 2018, Jinghui Electronic Company ku Inner Mongolia idakula bwino kristalo lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi la safiro lolemera makilogalamu 450. Kristalo lalikulu kwambiri la safiro padziko lonse lapansi linali kristalo la makilogalamu 350 lopangidwa ku Russia. Monga momwe taonera pachithunzichi, kristalo iyi ili ndi mawonekedwe ofanana, ndi yowonekera bwino, yopanda ming'alu ndi malire a tirigu, ndipo ili ndi thovu lochepa.
2. Silikoni Yokhala ndi Khadi Limodzi
Pakadali pano, silicon imodzi yopangidwa ndi kristalo yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma chips ophatikizidwa ili ndi chiyero cha 99.999999% mpaka 99.99999999% (9–11 nines), ndipo ingot ya silicon yolemera makilogalamu 420 iyenera kukhala ndi kapangidwe kabwino ngati diamondi. M'chilengedwe, ngakhale diamondi ya carat imodzi (200 mg) ndi yosowa kwambiri.
Kupanga padziko lonse lapansi kwa ma ingot a silicon a single-crystal kumayendetsedwa ndi makampani akuluakulu asanu: Shin-Etsu waku Japan (28.0%), SUMCO waku Japan (21.9%), GlobalWafers waku Taiwan (15.1%), SK Siltron waku South Korea (11.6%), ndi Siltronic waku Germany (11.3%). Ngakhale kampani yayikulu kwambiri yopanga ma wafer ku China, NSIG, ili ndi gawo la msika pafupifupi 2.3% yokha. Komabe, monga watsopano, kuthekera kwake sikuyenera kunyalanyazidwa. Mu 2024, NSIG ikukonzekera kuyika ndalama mu projekiti yokweza kupanga ma wafer a silicon a 300 mm pama circuits ophatikizidwa, ndi ndalama zokwana ¥13.2 biliyoni.
Monga zopangira ma chips, ma ingot a silicon a crystal single-purity akusinthika kuchoka pa mainchesi 6 mpaka mainchesi 12. Makampani otsogola padziko lonse lapansi opanga ma chips, monga TSMC ndi GlobalFoundries, akupanga ma chips ochokera ku ma wafers a silicon a mainchesi 12 kukhala msika waukulu, pomwe ma wafers a mainchesi 8 akuchotsedwa pang'onopang'ono. Mtsogoleri wa dziko la SMIC akadali kugwiritsa ntchito ma wafers a mainchesi 6. Pakadali pano, SUMCO yaku Japan yokha ndi yomwe ingapange ma wafers a mainchesi 12 opukutidwa kwambiri.
3. Gallium Arsenide
Ma wafer a Gallium arsenide (GaAs) ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri cha semiconductor, ndipo kukula kwawo ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pakukonzekera.
Pakadali pano, ma wafer a GaAs nthawi zambiri amapangidwa mu kukula kwa mainchesi awiri, mainchesi atatu, mainchesi anayi, mainchesi asanu ndi limodzi, mainchesi asanu ndi limodzi, ndi mainchesi khumi ndi awiri. Pakati pa izi, ma wafer a mainchesi asanu ndi limodzi ndi amodzi mwa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.
Ma kristalo ambiri opangidwa ndi njira ya Horizontal Bridgman (HB) nthawi zambiri amakhala mainchesi atatu, pomwe njira ya Liquid-Encapsulated Czochralski (LEC) imatha kupanga ma kristalo amodzi mpaka mainchesi 12. Komabe, kukula kwa LEC kumafuna ndalama zambiri ndipo kumabweretsa ma kristalo osafanana komanso ochulukirapo. Njira za Vertical Gradient Freeze (VGF) ndi Vertical Bridgman (VB) pakadali pano zimatha kupanga ma kristalo amodzi mpaka mainchesi 8, okhala ndi kapangidwe kofanana komanso kuchuluka kochepa kwa dislocation.
Ukadaulo wopanga ma wafer opukutidwa a GaAs okhala ndi mainchesi 4 ndi mainchesi 6 umayendetsedwa makamaka ndi makampani atatu: Sumitomo Electric Industries yaku Japan, Freiberger Compound Materials yaku Germany, ndi AXT yaku US. Pofika chaka cha 2015, ma substrates a mainchesi 6 anali kale ndi gawo loposa 90% la msika.
Mu 2019, msika wapadziko lonse wa GaAs substrate unali wolamulidwa ndi Freiberger, Sumitomo, ndi Beijing Tongmei, ndi magawo a msika a 28%, 21%, ndi 13% motsatana. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwa kampani yolangiza ya Yole, kugulitsa padziko lonse lapansi kwa ma substrate a GaAs (osinthidwa kukhala ofanana ndi mainchesi awiri) kunafika pafupifupi zidutswa 20 miliyoni mu 2019 ndipo akuyembekezeka kupitirira zidutswa 35 miliyoni pofika chaka cha 2025. Msika wapadziko lonse wa ma substrate a GaAs unali ndi mtengo wa pafupifupi $200 miliyoni mu 2019 ndipo ukuyembekezeka kufika $348 miliyoni pofika chaka cha 2025, ndi chiwongola dzanja cha pachaka chophatikizana (CAGR) cha 9.67% kuyambira 2019 mpaka 2025.
4. Silicon Carbide Single Crystal
Pakadali pano, msika ukhoza kuthandizira mokwanira kukula kwa makhiristo a silicon carbide (SiC) amodzi a mainchesi 2 ndi mainchesi 3. Makampani ambiri anena kuti makhiristo a SiC amodzi a mainchesi 4 a kukula bwino, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti China yakwanitsa kufika pamlingo wapamwamba padziko lonse lapansi mu ukadaulo wokulitsa makhiristo a SiC. Komabe, pali kusiyana kwakukulu malonda asanagulitsidwe.
Kawirikawiri, ma ingot a SiC omwe amalimidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zamadzimadzi ndi ochepa, okhala ndi makulidwe pamlingo wa sentimita imodzi. Ichi ndi chifukwa chinanso chokwera mtengo kwa ma wafer a SiC.
XKH imagwira ntchito yofufuza ndi kukonza zinthu za semiconductor, kuphatikizapo safiro, silicon carbide (SiC), ma silicon wafers, ndi ma ceramics, zomwe zimakhudza unyolo wonse wamtengo wapatali kuyambira kukula kwa kristalo mpaka kukonza molondola. Pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zophatikizidwa zamafakitale, timapereka ma wafers a safiro ogwira ntchito bwino, ma substrates a silicon carbide, ndi ma wafers a silicon oyera kwambiri, othandizidwa ndi mayankho opangidwa mwaluso monga kudula mwamakonda, kuphimba pamwamba, ndi kupanga ma geometry ovuta kuti akwaniritse zosowa zachilengedwe kwambiri m'makina a laser, kupanga ma semiconductor, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso.
Potsatira miyezo yapamwamba, zinthu zathu zimakhala ndi kulondola kwa micron-level, >1500°C kutentha kukhazikika, komanso kukana dzimbiri kwambiri, kuonetsetsa kuti zikugwira ntchito bwino ngakhale zinthu zitavuta. Kuphatikiza apo, timapereka zinthu za quartz, zinthu zachitsulo/zosakhala zachitsulo, ndi zinthu zina za semiconductor-grade, zomwe zimathandiza makasitomala m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana kusintha mosavuta kuchokera ku prototyping kupita ku kupanga zinthu zambiri.
Nthawi yotumizira: Ogasiti-29-2025