Mu 1965, Gordon Moore, yemwe anayambitsa kampani ya Intel, anafotokoza zomwe zinadzakhala "Moore's Law." Kwa zaka zoposa makumi asanu, kampaniyi inathandizira kupititsa patsogolo magwiridwe antchito a IC komanso kuchepa kwa ndalama—zomwe ndi maziko a ukadaulo wamakono wa digito. Mwachidule: chiwerengero cha ma transistors pa chip chimawonjezeka kawiri pazaka ziwiri zilizonse.
Kwa zaka zambiri, kupita patsogolo kunatsatira kadamsana kameneka. Tsopano chithunzicho chikusintha. Kuchepa kwina kwakhala kovuta; kukula kwa zinthu kwatsika kufika pa nanometers zochepa chabe. Mainjiniya akukwaniritsa malire enieni, njira zovuta kwambiri, komanso kukwera kwa ndalama. Ma geometries ang'onoang'ono amalepheretsanso zokolola, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kupanga kwakukulu kukhale kovuta. Kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zapamwamba kumafuna ndalama zambiri komanso ukatswiri. Chifukwa chake ambiri amati lamulo la Moore likutaya mphamvu.
Kusintha kumeneko kwatsegula chitseko cha njira yatsopano: ma chiplets.
Chiplet ndi kachidutswa kakang'ono kamene kamagwira ntchito inayake—makamaka chidutswa cha chomwe kale chinali chipu chimodzi cha monolithic. Mwa kuphatikiza ma chiplet angapo mu phukusi limodzi, opanga amatha kupanga dongosolo lonse.
Mu nthawi ya monolithic, ntchito zonse zinkakhala ndi die imodzi yayikulu, kotero cholakwika kulikonse chinkatha kuwononga chipu chonse. Ndi ma chiplets, machitidwe amapangidwa kuchokera ku "die yodziwika bwino" (KGD), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchito yokolola ikhale yabwino komanso yogwira ntchito bwino.
Kuphatikiza kosiyanasiyana—kuphatikiza ma dies omangidwa pa ma node osiyanasiyana a process komanso ntchito zosiyanasiyana—kumapangitsa ma chipleti kukhala amphamvu kwambiri. Ma block a compute ogwira ntchito kwambiri amatha kugwiritsa ntchito ma node aposachedwa, pomwe ma memory ndi ma analog circuits amakhalabe paukadaulo wokhwima komanso wotsika mtengo. Zotsatira zake: magwiridwe antchito apamwamba pamtengo wotsika.
Makampani opanga magalimoto ali ndi chidwi kwambiri. Opanga magalimoto akuluakulu akugwiritsa ntchito njirazi popanga ma SoC amtsogolo m'galimoto, omwe cholinga chake ndi kugwiritsa ntchito magalimoto ambiri pambuyo pa 2030. Ma chiplets amawalola kukulitsa luso la AI ndi zithunzi bwino komanso kupititsa patsogolo zokolola—kuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito komanso magwiridwe antchito m'ma semiconductors amagalimoto.
Zigawo zina zamagalimoto ziyenera kukwaniritsa miyezo yolimba yogwira ntchito komanso chitetezo motero zimadalira ma node akale komanso otsimikizika. Pakadali pano, machitidwe amakono monga advanced driver-assistance (ADAS) ndi software-defined vehicles (SDVs) amafuna ma compute ambiri. Ma chiplets amalumikiza kusiyana kumeneku: mwa kuphatikiza ma microcontrollers a gulu lachitetezo, large memory, ndi ma accelerator amphamvu a AI, opanga amatha kusintha ma SoC kuti agwirizane ndi zosowa za wopanga aliyense wagalimoto—mofulumira.
Ubwino uwu umapitirira malire a magalimoto. Mapangidwe a ma chiplet akufalikira ku AI, telecom, ndi madera ena, zomwe zikufulumizitsa luso m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana ndipo mwachangu zimakhala maziko a njira ya semiconductor.
Kuphatikiza kwa ma Chiplet kumadalira kulumikizana kwachangu komanso kofulumira kwambiri. Chothandizira chachikulu ndi interposer—gawo lapakati, nthawi zambiri silikoni, pansi pa ma dies lomwe limatumiza ma signaling ngati bolodi laling'ono la circuit. Ma interposer abwino amatanthauza kulumikizana kolimba komanso kusinthana kwa ma signaling mwachangu.
Ma phukusi apamwamba amathandizanso kutumiza magetsi. Malumikizidwe ang'onoang'ono achitsulo cholimba pakati pa ma die amapereka njira zokwanira zopezera magetsi ndi deta ngakhale m'malo opapatiza, zomwe zimathandiza kutumiza deta mwachangu komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino malo ochepa a phukusi.
Njira yodziwika kwambiri masiku ano ndi kuphatikiza kwa 2.5D: kuyika ma die angapo mbali imodzi pa interposer. Njira yotsatira ndi kuphatikiza kwa 3D, komwe kumaphatikiza ma die molunjika pogwiritsa ntchito ma through-silicon vias (TSVs) kuti pakhale kuchuluka kwakukulu.
Kuphatikiza kapangidwe ka ma chip modular (kulekanitsa ntchito ndi mitundu ya ma circuit) ndi 3D stacking kumabweretsa ma semiconductors ofulumira, ang'onoang'ono, komanso osagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri. Kuphatikiza kukumbukira ndi kuwerengera pamodzi kumapereka bandwidth yayikulu ku ma datasets akuluakulu—abwino kwambiri pa AI ndi ntchito zina zapamwamba.
Komabe, kuyika zinthu mopingasa kumabweretsa mavuto. Kutentha kumasonkhana mosavuta, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kasamalidwe ka kutentha ndi kukolola zikhale zovuta. Pofuna kuthana ndi izi, ofufuza akupanga njira zatsopano zopakira kuti athetse bwino zoletsa kutentha. Ngakhale zili choncho, mphamvu zake ndi zamphamvu: kugwirizana kwa ma chiplets ndi kuphatikiza kwa 3D kumaonedwa ngati njira yosokoneza—yokonzeka kunyamula nyali pomwe Moore's Law imasiya.
Nthawi yotumizira: Okutobala-15-2025