Chidule Chathunthu cha Njira Zokulira za Monocrystalline Silicon

Chidule Chathunthu cha Njira Zokulira za Monocrystalline Silicon

1. Mbiri ya Chitukuko cha Monocrystalline Silicon

Kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo ndi kufunikira kwakukulu kwa zinthu zanzeru zogwira ntchito bwino kwalimbitsa kwambiri malo ofunikira a makampani ophatikizana (IC) pakukula kwa dziko. Monga maziko a makampani a IC, silicon ya semiconductor monocrystalline imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakuyendetsa zatsopano zaukadaulo komanso kukula kwachuma.

Malinga ndi deta yochokera ku International Semiconductor Industry Association, msika wapadziko lonse wa ma wafer a semiconductor wafika pamtengo wa $12.6 biliyoni, ndipo katundu wotumizidwa akukula kufika pa mainchesi 14.2 biliyoni. Kuphatikiza apo, kufunikira kwa ma wafer a silicon kukupitirirabe kukwera.

Komabe, makampani opanga ma silicon wafer padziko lonse lapansi ali ndi anthu ambiri, ndipo ogulitsa asanu apamwamba akulamulira gawo loposa 85% la msika, monga momwe zasonyezedwera pansipa:

• Shin-Etsu Chemical (Japan)

• SUMCO (Japan)

• Ma Wafers Padziko Lonse

• Siltronic (Germany)

• SK Siltron (South Korea)

Kuchuluka kwa zinthu zimenezi kumapangitsa kuti dziko la China lizidalira kwambiri ma wafer a silicon omwe amapangidwa kunja, omwe akhala chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zikulepheretsa chitukuko cha makampani oyendera magetsi m'dzikolo.

Kuti tithane ndi mavuto omwe alipo panopa mu gawo la semiconductor silicon monocrystal manufacturing, kuyika ndalama mu kafukufuku ndi chitukuko ndikulimbitsa luso lopanga zinthu zapakhomo ndi chisankho chosapeŵeka.

2. Chidule cha Monocrystalline Silicon Material

Silikoni imodzi yokha ndiyo maziko a makampani ophatikizana. Mpaka pano, 90% ya ma chips a IC ndi zida zamagetsi zimapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito silikoni imodzi yokha ngati chinthu chachikulu. Kufunika kwakukulu kwa silikoni imodzi yokha komanso ntchito zake zosiyanasiyana zamafakitale zitha kuchitika chifukwa cha zinthu zingapo:

1. Chitetezo ndi Zosamalira Zachilengedwe: Silikoni ndi yochuluka mu nthaka ya Dziko Lapansi, si yoopsa, komanso ndi yoteteza chilengedwe.

2. Kuteteza Magetsi: Silikoni mwachibadwa imawonetsa mphamvu zamagetsi zotetezera kutentha, ndipo ikatenthedwa, imapanga silicon dioxide yoteteza, yomwe imaletsa kutaya mphamvu zamagetsi.

3. Ukadaulo wa Kukula kwa OkhwimaMbiri yayitali ya chitukuko cha ukadaulo mu njira zokulira za silicon yapangitsa kuti ikhale yotsogola kwambiri kuposa zipangizo zina za semiconductor.

Zinthu zimenezi pamodzi zimapangitsa kuti silicon ya monocrystalline ikhale patsogolo pa makampani, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti isasinthidwe ndi zipangizo zina.

Ponena za kapangidwe ka kristalo, silicon ya monocrystalline ndi chinthu chopangidwa kuchokera ku maatomu a silicon omwe amakonzedwa mu lattice ya periodic, ndikupanga kapangidwe kopitilira. Ndiwo maziko a makampani opanga ma chip.

Chithunzi chotsatirachi chikuwonetsa njira yonse yokonzekera silicon ya monocrystalline:

Chidule cha Njira:
Silikoni ya monocrystalline imachokera ku miyala ya silicon kudzera mu njira zingapo zoyeretsera. Choyamba, silicon ya polycrystalline imapezeka, yomwe imakulitsidwa kukhala ingot ya monocrystalline silicon mu ng'anjo yokuliramo kristalo. Pambuyo pake, imadulidwa, kupukutidwa, ndikukonzedwa kukhala ma wafer a silicon oyenera kupanga ma chip.

Ma silicon wafers nthawi zambiri amagawidwa m'magulu awiri:giredi ya photovoltaicndigiredi ya semiconductorMitundu iwiriyi imasiyana makamaka ndi kapangidwe kake, kuyera kwake, ndi khalidwe lake pamwamba.

• Ma wafer a semiconductorali ndi chiyero chapamwamba kwambiri mpaka 99.9999999999%, ndipo amafunika kukhala ndi makristalo amodzi.

• Ma wafers a mtundu wa photovoltaicndi oyera pang'ono, ndipo milingo ya chiyero imayambira pa 99.99% mpaka 99.9999%, ndipo alibe zofunikira zolimba kuti apange kristalo wabwino.

Kuphatikiza apo, ma wafer a semiconductor-grade amafunika kusalala bwino komanso kuyera kuposa ma wafer a semiconductor-grade. Miyezo yapamwamba ya ma wafer a semiconductor imawonjezera zovuta za kukonzekera kwawo komanso kufunika kwawo pambuyo pake.

Tchati chotsatirachi chikuwonetsa kusintha kwa ma wafer a semiconductor, omwe awonjezeka kuchokera ku ma wafer oyambirira a mainchesi 4 (100mm) ndi mainchesi 6 (150mm) kufika pa ma wafer a mainchesi 8 (200mm) ndi mainchesi 12 (300mm) omwe alipo.

Mu kukonzekera kwenikweni kwa silicon monocrystal, kukula kwa wafer kumasiyana malinga ndi mtundu wa ntchito ndi mtengo wake. Mwachitsanzo, ma memory chips nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito ma wafer a mainchesi 12, pomwe zida zamagetsi nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito ma wafer a mainchesi 8.

Mwachidule, kusintha kwa kukula kwa wafer ndi zotsatira za lamulo la Moore ndi zinthu zachuma. Kukula kwakukulu kwa wafer kumathandiza kukula kwa malo ogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri a silicon pansi pa mikhalidwe yofanana yokonzera, kuchepetsa ndalama zopangira komanso kuchepetsa zinyalala kuchokera m'mphepete mwa wafer.

Monga chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwa ukadaulo wamakono, ma wafer a silicon a semiconductor, kudzera munjira zolondola monga photolithography ndi ion implantation, amathandizira kupanga zida zosiyanasiyana zamagetsi, kuphatikiza ma rectifier amphamvu kwambiri, ma transistors, ma bipolar junction transistors, ndi zida zosinthira. Zipangizozi zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri m'magawo monga luntha lochita kupanga, kulumikizana kwa 5G, zamagetsi zamagalimoto, intaneti ya Zinthu, ndi ndege, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale maziko a chitukuko cha zachuma cha dziko komanso luso laukadaulo.

3. Ukadaulo Wokulitsa Silikoni Yokhayokha

TheNjira ya Czochralski (CZ)ndi njira yothandiza kwambiri yokokera zinthu za monocrystalline zapamwamba kuchokera ku kusungunuka. Njirayi, yomwe idaperekedwa ndi Jan Czochralski mu 1917, imadziwikanso kutiKukoka kwa Crystalnjira.

Pakadali pano, njira ya CZ imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pokonzekera zipangizo zosiyanasiyana za semiconductor. Malinga ndi ziwerengero zosakwanira, pafupifupi 98% ya zigawo zamagetsi zimapangidwa kuchokera ku monocrystalline silicon, ndipo 85% ya zigawozi zimapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya CZ.

Njira ya CZ imakondedwa chifukwa cha khalidwe lake labwino kwambiri la kristalo, kukula kwake kosinthika, kukula kwake mwachangu, komanso kupanga bwino kwambiri. Makhalidwe amenewa amapangitsa CZ monocrystalline silicon kukhala chinthu chomwe chimakondedwa kwambiri kuti chikwaniritse kufunikira kwapamwamba komanso kwakukulu mumakampani amagetsi.

Mfundo ya kukula kwa silicon ya CZ monocrystalline ndi iyi:

Njira ya CZ imafuna kutentha kwambiri, vacuum, ndi malo otsekedwa. Zipangizo zofunika kwambiri pa ntchitoyi nding'anjo yokulira ya kristalo, zomwe zimathandiza mikhalidwe imeneyi.

Chithunzi chotsatirachi chikuwonetsa kapangidwe ka ng'anjo yokuliramo ya kristalo.

Mu ndondomeko ya CZ, silicon yoyera imayikidwa mu chosungunula, chosungunuka, ndipo kristalo wa mbewu amalowetsedwa mu silicon yosungunuka. Mwa kuwongolera bwino magawo monga kutentha, liwiro la kukoka, ndi liwiro la kuzungulira kwa chosungunula, maatomu kapena mamolekyu omwe ali pamalo olumikizirana a kristalo wa mbewu ndi silicon yosungunuka amakonzedwanso nthawi zonse, kuuma pamene dongosolo likuzizira ndikupanga kristalo imodzi.

Njira yokulira makristalo iyi imapanga silicon yapamwamba kwambiri, yokulirapo kwambiri yokhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera a makristalo.

Kukula kumaphatikizapo masitepe angapo ofunikira, kuphatikizapo:

1. Kusokoneza ndi Kutsegula: Kuchotsa kristalo ndikutsuka bwino ng'anjo ndi zigawo zake kuchokera ku zinthu zodetsa monga quartz, graphite, kapena zodetsa zina.

2. Kutsuka ndi Kusungunula: Dongosololi limachotsedwa kupita ku vacuum, kutsatiridwa ndi kulowetsedwa kwa mpweya wa argon ndi kutentha kwa silicon charge.

3. Kukoka kwa Crystal: Kristalo wa mbewu amatsitsidwa mu silicon yosungunuka, ndipo kutentha kwa mawonekedwe ake kumayendetsedwa mosamala kuti zitsimikizire kuti kristaloyo imagwira ntchito bwino.

4. Kulamulira Mapewa ndi Kukula kwa Mapazi: Pamene kristalo ikukula, kukula kwake kumayang'aniridwa mosamala ndikusinthidwa kuti zitsimikizire kukula kofanana.

5. Kutha kwa Kukula ndi Kutseka kwa Ng'anjo: Akangopeza kukula kwa kristalo komwe mukufuna, ng'anjoyo imatsekedwa, ndipo kristaloyo imachotsedwa.

Njira zatsatanetsatane mu ndondomekoyi zimatsimikizira kupangidwa kwa ma monocrystals apamwamba komanso opanda chilema oyenera kupanga ma semiconductor.

4. Mavuto pa Kupanga kwa Monocrystalline Silicon

Chimodzi mwa zovuta zazikulu popanga ma monocrystals akuluakulu a semiconductor ndi kuthana ndi zovuta zaukadaulo panthawi yakukula, makamaka poneneratu ndikuwongolera zolakwika zamakristalo:

1. Ubwino Wosasinthasintha wa Monocrystal ndi Kupereka Kochepa: Pamene kukula kwa ma silicon monocrystals kukuwonjezeka, zovuta za malo okulira zimawonjezeka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuwongolera zinthu monga kutentha, kuyenda, ndi mphamvu zamaginito. Izi zimapangitsa kuti ntchito yopeza ubwino wokhazikika komanso zokolola zambiri ikhale yovuta.

2. Njira Yowongolera Yosakhazikika: Njira yokulira ya ma silicon monocrystals a semiconductor ndi yovuta kwambiri, yokhala ndi malo ambiri ogwirira ntchito, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kulondola kwa kayendetsedwe ka zinthu kusakhazikike komanso kumabweretsa zokolola zochepa. Njira zowongolera zomwe zilipo panopa zimayang'ana kwambiri kukula kwa kristalo, pomwe khalidwe limasinthidwabe kutengera zomwe zachitika pamanja, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kukwaniritsa zofunikira pakupanga ma micro ndi nano mu ma IC chips.

Pofuna kuthana ndi mavutowa, pakufunika njira zowunikira nthawi yeniyeni, zowunikira pa intaneti komanso zolosera za mtundu wa kristalo, pamodzi ndi kusintha kwa machitidwe owongolera kuti zitsimikizire kupanga kokhazikika komanso kwapamwamba kwa ma monocrystals akuluakulu kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito m'mabwalo ophatikizika.