Kufotokozera Mwachidule kwa Njira Zokulirapo za Monocrystalline Silicon

Kufotokozera Mwachidule kwa Njira Zokulirapo za Monocrystalline Silicon

1. Mbiri ya Monocrystalline Silicon Development

Kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo komanso kufunikira kwazinthu zanzeru zotsogola kwalimbikitsanso gawo lalikulu lamakampani ophatikizika (IC) pachitukuko cha dziko. Monga mwala wapangodya wamakampani a IC, silicon ya semiconductor monocrystalline imatenga gawo lofunikira pakuyendetsa luso laukadaulo komanso kukula kwachuma.

Malinga ndi kafukufuku wochokera ku International Semiconductor Industry Association, msika wapadziko lonse wa semiconductor wafer wafika pamtengo wogulitsa $ 12.6 biliyoni, ndipo zotumizira zikukula mpaka mainchesi 14.2 biliyoni. Kuphatikiza apo, kufunikira kwa zowotcha za silicon kukukulirakulirabe.

Komabe, msika wapadziko lonse wa silicon wafer wakhazikika kwambiri, pomwe ogulitsa asanu apamwamba akulamulira 85% yamsika, monga zikuwonekera pansipa:

• Shin-Etsu Chemical (Japan)

• SUMCO (Japan)

• Global Wafers

• Siltronic (Germany)

• SK Siltron (South Korea)

Oligopoly iyi imabweretsa kudalira kwambiri kwa China pazitsulo zotchedwa monocrystalline silicon wafers, zomwe zakhala chimodzi mwazinthu zolepheretsa chitukuko cha makampani ophatikizana a dziko.

Kuti tithane ndi zovuta zomwe zikuchitika mu gawo lopanga semiconductor silicon monocrystal, kuyika ndalama pakufufuza ndi chitukuko komanso kulimbikitsa luso lopanga m'nyumba ndi chisankho chosapeŵeka.

2. Kufotokozera mwachidule za Monocrystalline Silicon Material

Silicon ya monocrystalline ndiye maziko amakampani ophatikizika ozungulira. Mpaka pano, 90% ya tchipisi ta IC ndi zida zamagetsi zimapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito silicon ya monocrystalline ngati chinthu choyambirira. Kufunika kofala kwa silicon ya monocrystalline ndi ntchito zake zosiyanasiyana zamafakitale kungabwere chifukwa cha zinthu zingapo:

1. Chitetezo ndi Kusamalidwa Malo: Silikoni ndi wochuluka kwambiri padziko lapansi, osati poizoni, komanso wokonda chilengedwe.

2. Magetsi Insulation: Silicon mwachibadwa imasonyeza mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi, ndipo pa kutentha kwa kutentha, imapanga chitetezo cha silicon dioxide, chomwe chimalepheretsa kutayika kwa magetsi.

3. Tekinoloje Yakukula Kwambiri: Mbiri yakale yachitukuko chaukadaulo pakukula kwa silicon kwapangitsa kuti ikhale yopambana kwambiri kuposa zida zina za semiconductor.

Zinthu izi palimodzi zimasunga silicon ya monocrystalline patsogolo pamakampani, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yosasinthika ndi zida zina.

Pankhani ya mawonekedwe a kristalo, silicon ya monocrystalline ndi chinthu chopangidwa kuchokera ku maatomu a silicon okonzedwa mu latisi ya periodic, kupanga mawonekedwe osalekeza. Ndilo maziko a makampani opanga chip.

Chithunzi chotsatirachi chikuwonetsa njira yonse yokonzekera silicon ya monocrystalline:

Ndondomeko Mwachidule:
Silicon ya Monocrystalline imachokera ku silicon ore kudzera munjira zingapo zoyenga. Choyamba, silicon ya polycrystalline imapezeka, yomwe imakula kukhala monocrystalline silicon ingot mu ng'anjo ya kukula kwa kristalo. Pambuyo pake, amadulidwa, kupukuta, ndi kukonzedwa kukhala zowotcha za silicon zoyenera kupanga chip.

Zophika za silicon zimagawidwa m'magulu awiri:photovoltaic kalasindisemiconductor kalasi. Mitundu iwiriyi imasiyana makamaka m'mapangidwe awo, chiyero, ndi khalidwe lapamwamba.

• Zophika za semiconductor-gradekukhala ndi chiyero chapadera kwambiri mpaka 99.999999999%, ndipo amayenera kukhala monocrystalline.

• Zophika za Photovoltaic-gradendizochepa zoyera, zokhala ndi chiyero kuyambira 99.99% mpaka 99.9999%, ndipo zilibe zofunikira zolimba ngati kristalo.

Kuphatikiza apo, zowotcha za semiconductor-grade zimafunikira kusalala kwapamwamba komanso ukhondo kuposa zowotcha zamtundu wa photovoltaic. Miyezo yapamwamba ya ma semiconductor wafers imawonjezera zovuta zakukonzekera kwawo komanso kufunika kwawo pamagwiritsidwe ntchito.

Tchati chotsatirachi chikuwonetsa kusinthika kwa zowotcha za semiconductor, zomwe zakwera kuchokera ku zowotcha zopyapyala za mainchesi 4 (100mm) ndi mainchesi 6 (150mm) mpaka ma 8-inch (200mm) ndi 12-inch (300mm).

Pakukonzekera kwenikweni kwa silicon monocrystal, kukula kwake kumasiyanasiyana kutengera mtundu wa ntchito komanso mtengo wake. Mwachitsanzo, tchipisi tokumbukira nthawi zambiri timagwiritsa ntchito zowotcha 12-inch, pomwe zida zamagetsi nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito zowotcha ma inchi 8.

Mwachidule, kusinthika kwa kukula kwa mkate ndi zotsatira za Chilamulo cha Moore komanso zinthu zachuma. Kukula kokulirapo kumathandizira kukula kwa malo ogwiritsiridwa ntchito kwambiri a silicon pansi pamikhalidwe yofananira, kuchepetsa ndalama zopangira ndikuchepetsa zinyalala kuchokera m'mphepete mwake.

Monga chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwaukadaulo wamakono, zowotcha za semiconductor silicon, kudzera m'njira zolondola monga kujambula zithunzi ndi kuyika kwa ion, zimathandizira kupanga zida zamagetsi zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza zowongolera mphamvu zambiri, ma transistors, ma transistors a bipolar junction, ndi zida zosinthira. Zidazi zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri m'magawo monga nzeru zopangira, mauthenga a 5G, zamagetsi zamagalimoto, intaneti ya zinthu, ndi ndege, zomwe zimapanga maziko a chitukuko cha zachuma cha dziko ndi luso lamakono.

3. Monocrystalline Silicon Kukula Technology

TheNjira ya Czochralski (CZ).ndi njira yabwino yokoka zinthu zapamwamba za monocrystalline kuchokera kusungunuka. Adaperekedwa ndi Jan Czochralski mu 1917, njira iyi imadziwikanso kutiKukoka kwa Crystalnjira.

Pakalipano, njira ya CZ imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pokonzekera zipangizo zosiyanasiyana za semiconductor. Malinga ndi ziwerengero zosakwanira, pafupifupi 98% ya zida zamagetsi zimapangidwa kuchokera ku silicon ya monocrystalline, ndi 85% ya zigawozi zomwe zimapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya CZ.

Njira ya CZ imayamikiridwa chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake abwino kwambiri a kristalo, kukula kwake kosinthika, kukula mwachangu, komanso kupanga bwino. Makhalidwewa amapangitsa CZ monocrystalline silicon kukhala chinthu chomwe chimakondedwa kuti chikwaniritse zofunikira kwambiri pamakampani opanga zamagetsi.

Mfundo yakukula kwa silicon ya CZ monocrystalline ili motere:

Njira ya CZ imafuna kutentha kwakukulu, chivundikiro, ndi malo otsekedwa. Zida zofunika kwambiri pa njirayi nding'anjo ya kukula kwa kristalo, zomwe zimathandizira mikhalidwe iyi.

Chithunzi chotsatirachi chikuwonetsa kapangidwe ka ng'anjo ya crystal kukula.

Munjira ya CZ, silicon yoyera imayikidwa mu crucible, kusungunuka, ndipo kristalo wa mbewu imalowetsedwa mu silicon yosungunuka. Mwa kuwongolera bwino magawo monga kutentha, kukoka, ndi liwiro lozungulira, ma atomu kapena mamolekyu pa mawonekedwe a kristalo wa mbewu ndi silicon yosungunuka imakhazikikanso, kulimba pamene dongosolo likuzizira ndipo pamapeto pake kupanga kristalo imodzi.

Njira yakukula kwa kristaloyi imapanga silicon yapamwamba kwambiri, yayikulu m'mimba mwake yokhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera a kristalo.

Kukula kumaphatikizapo njira zingapo zofunika, kuphatikizapo:

1. Disassembly ndi Loading: Kuchotsa kristalo ndikuyeretsa bwino ng'anjo ndi zigawo zina kuchokera ku zonyansa monga quartz, graphite, kapena zonyansa zina.

2. Vuta ndi Kusungunuka: Dongosolo limasamutsidwa kupita kumalo opanda kanthu, ndikutsatiridwa ndi kuyambitsa kwa gasi wa argon ndi kutentha kwa silicon.

3. Kukoka kwa Crystal: Krustalo yambewu imatsitsidwa mu silicon yosungunuka, ndipo kutentha kwa mawonekedwe kumayendetsedwa mosamala kuti kuwonetsetse kuti kristalo yoyenera.

4. Kuwongolera Mapewa ndi Diameter: Pamene kristalo ikukula, m'mimba mwake imayang'aniridwa mosamala ndikusinthidwa kuti iwonetsetse kukula kofanana.

5. Mapeto a Kukula ndi Kutseka kwa Ng'anjo: Pamene kukula kwa kristalo komwe kufunidwa kukwaniritsidwa, ng'anjo imatsekedwa, ndipo kristalo imachotsedwa.

Njira zatsatanetsatane munjira iyi zimatsimikizira kupangidwa kwa ma monocrystals apamwamba kwambiri, opanda chilema oyenerera kupanga semiconductor.

4. Zovuta mu Monocrystalline Silicon Production

Chimodzi mwazovuta zazikulu popanga ma semiconductor monocrystals otalika kwambiri ndikuthana ndi zovuta zaukadaulo panthawi yakukula, makamaka pakulosera ndikuwongolera zolakwika za kristalo:

1. Zosagwirizana za Monocrystal Quality ndi Zokolola Zochepa: Pamene kukula kwa silicon monocrystals kumawonjezeka, zovuta za kukula kwa chilengedwe zimawonjezeka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kulamulira zinthu monga kutentha, kutuluka, ndi maginito. Izi zimasokoneza ntchito yopeza zokolola zokhazikika komanso zokolola zambiri.

2. Njira Yosakhazikika Yowongolera: Kakulidwe ka semiconductor silicon monocrystals ndizovuta kwambiri, zomwe zimakhala ndi minda yambiri yolumikizana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuwongolera kusasunthike komanso kumabweretsa zokolola zochepa. Njira zowongolera zamakono zimayang'ana kwambiri kukula kwa macroscopic a kristalo, pomwe mtundu umasinthidwabe kutengera zomwe zidachitika pamanja, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kukwaniritsa zofunikira pakupanga ma micro ndi nano mu tchipisi ta IC.

Pofuna kuthana ndi mavutowa, kukhazikitsidwa kwa nthawi yeniyeni, kuyang'anira pa intaneti ndi njira zolosera za khalidwe la kristalo ndizofunikira mwamsanga, pamodzi ndi kusintha kwa machitidwe olamulira kuti atsimikizire kukhazikika, kupanga kwapamwamba kwambiri kwa monocrystals yaikulu kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito m'madera osakanikirana.