Mawindo Opangidwa ndi Metallized Optical: Othandizira Osamveka mu Precision Optics

Mu ma optics olondola ndi ma optoelectronic systems, zigawo zosiyanasiyana zimagwira ntchito inayake, kugwirira ntchito limodzi kuti zikwaniritse ntchito zovuta. Chifukwa chakuti zigawozi zimapangidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana, njira zawo zochizira pamwamba zimasiyananso. Pakati pa zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri,mawindo a kuwalaamabwera m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Gawo looneka ngati losavuta koma lofunika kwambiri ndizenera lowala lachitsulo—osati “mlonda wa pachipata” wa njira yowala yokha, komanso wowonachothandiziraza momwe dongosolo limagwirira ntchito. Tiyeni tiwone bwino.

Kodi zenera lowala ndi zitsulo ndi chiyani—ndipo n’chifukwa chiyani limapangidwa ndi zitsulo?

1) Tanthauzo

Mwachidule, azenera lowala lachitsulondi gawo la kuwala lomwe gawo lake la pansi—nthawi zambiri galasi, silika yosakanikirana, safiro, ndi zina zotero—lili ndi wosanjikiza woonda (kapena wosanjikiza wambiri) wa chitsulo (monga Cr, Au, Ag, Al, Ni) woikidwa m'mphepete mwake kapena pamalo osankhidwa kudzera mu njira zotsukira zolondola kwambiri monga kusungunuka kwa madzi kapena kutulutsa madzi.

Kuchokera ku njira yosefera yotakata, mawindo okhala ndi zitsulo ndiosati"zosefera zowunikira" zachikhalidwe. Zosefera zakale (monga bandpass, long-pass) zimapangidwa kuti zizitha kutumiza kapena kuwonetsa magulu enaake a spectral, kusintha mawonekedwe a kuwala.zenera la kuwalaMosiyana ndi zimenezi, kwenikweni ndi yoteteza. Iyenera kusungakutumiza kwakukulukudzera mu gulu lalikulu (monga VIS, IR, kapena UV) pamene akuperekakudzipatula ndi kutseka chilengedwe.

Mwachidule, zenera lopangidwa ndi zitsulo ndigulu lapaderaya zenera lowala. Kusiyanitsa kwake kuli mukupangidwa kwa zitsulo, zomwe zimapereka ntchito zomwe zenera wamba silingathe kupereka.

2) N’chifukwa chiyani kupanga zitsulo? Zolinga zazikulu ndi maubwino ake

Kupaka chitsulo chosawoneka bwino chomwe chimaoneka ngati chowonekera bwino kungamveke ngati kotsutsana, koma ndi chisankho chanzeru komanso chokhazikika pa cholinga. Kupaka chitsulo nthawi zambiri kumalola chimodzi kapena zingapo mwa izi:

(a) Chitetezo cha kusokoneza kwa maginito (EMI)
Mu machitidwe ambiri amagetsi ndi optoelectronic, masensa ozindikira (monga CCD/CMOS) ndi ma lasers amakhala pachiwopsezo cha EMI yakunja—ndipo amathanso kutulutsa kusokoneza kwawo. Chitsulo chopitilira, choyendetsa magetsi pawindo chingathe kugwira ntchito ngatiKhola la Faraday, kulola kuwala kudutsa pamene kutseka minda yosafunikira ya RF/EM, motero kumalimbikitsa magwiridwe antchito a chipangizocho.

(b) Kulumikiza magetsi ndi kuyika pansi
Chigawo chopangidwa ndi chitsulocho chimagwira ntchito yoyendetsa magetsi. Mwa kulumikiza chingwecho kapena kuchilumikiza ku nyumba yachitsulo, mutha kupanga njira zamagetsi za zinthu zomwe zimayikidwa mkati mwa zenera (monga zotenthetsera, zowunikira kutentha, ma electrode) kapena kumangirira zenera pansi kuti lichotse mpweya wosasunthika ndikuwonjezera chitetezo.

(c) Kutseka kwa hermetic
Iyi ndi njira yogwiritsira ntchito mwala wapangodya. Mu zipangizo zomwe zimafuna vacuum yambiri kapena mpweya wopanda mpweya (monga machubu a laser, machubu ochulukitsa zithunzi, masensa amlengalenga), zenera liyenera kulumikizidwa ku phukusi lachitsulo lokhala ndichisindikizo chokhazikika, chodalirika kwambiriKugwiritsa ntchitochitsulo chophikira, m'mphepete mwa zenera lopangidwa ndi chitsulo limalumikizidwa ndi nyumba yachitsulo kuti likhale lopanda kuzizira kuposa chomangira chomatira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chilengedwe chikhale chokhazikika kwa nthawi yayitali.

(d) Ma Aperture ndi masks
Kupangidwa kwa zitsulo sikuyenera kuphimba pamwamba ponse; kumatha kupangidwa ndi mapangidwe. Kuyika chigoba chachitsulo chopangidwa mwaluso (monga chozungulira kapena cha sikweya) kumatanthauza bwino lomwekutsegula bwino, imatseka kuwala komwe sikunawonekere, ndipo imawonjezera SNR ndi khalidwe la chithunzi.

Kumene mawindo achitsulo amagwiritsidwa ntchito

Chifukwa cha luso limeneli, mawindo okhala ndi zitsulo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kulikonse komwe kuli kofunikira:

• Chitetezo ndi ndege:Ofunafuna zida zankhondo, zida zonyamula ma satellite, makina owongolera mpweya omwe ali m'mlengalenga—komwe kugwedezeka, kutentha kwambiri, ndi mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi ndizofala. Kupangidwa kwa zitsulo kumabweretsa chitetezo, kutseka, ndi chitetezo.

• Kafukufuku wapamwamba wa mafakitale ndi kafukufuku:ma laser amphamvu kwambiri, zozindikira tinthu tating'onoting'ono, malo owonera vacuum, ma cryostat—mapulogalamu omwe amafuna ukhondo wolimba wa vacuum, kulekerera kwa ma radiation, ndi malo olumikizirana magetsi odalirika.

• Sayansi ya Zamankhwala ndi Zamoyo:zida zokhala ndi ma laser ophatikizidwa (monga ma flow cytometers) zomwe ziyenera kutseka mpata wa laser pamene zikutulutsa kuwala.

• Kulankhulana ndi kuzindikira:Ma module a fiber-optic ndi masensa a gasi omwe amapindula ndi chitetezo cha EMI kuti chizindikiro chikhale choyera.

Mafotokozedwe ofunikira ndi njira zosankhira

Mukasankha kapena kuwunika mawindo a kuwala opangidwa ndi zitsulo, yang'anani pa:

1. Zinthu zoyambira pansi- Imazindikira magwiridwe antchito a maso ndi thupi:

• Galasi la BK7/K9:yotsika mtengo; yoyenera mawonekedwe.

• Silika yosakanikirana:Kutumiza kwapamwamba kuchokera ku UV kupita ku NIR; CTE yochepa komanso kukhazikika kwabwino kwambiri.

• Safiro:Yolimba kwambiri, yolimba, yokhoza kutentha kwambiri; yothandiza kwambiri pa UV-mid-IR m'malo ovuta.

• Si/Ge:makamaka kwa ma IR band.

2. Chitseko chotseguka (CA)– Chigawochi chikutsimikiziridwa kuti chikwaniritsa zofunikira za kuwala. Madera okhala ndi zitsulo nthawi zambiri amakhala kunja (ndipo ndi akulu kuposa) CA.

3. Mtundu wa Metallization ndi makulidwe–

• Crnthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati malo otsekereza kuwala komanso ngati maziko omatira/opangira chitsulo.

• Auimapereka mphamvu yotsika komanso kukana okosijeni pakusungunula/kupangira zitsulo.
  Makulidwe wamba: makumi mpaka mazana a nanometers, opangidwa kuti agwire ntchito.

4. Kutumiza- Peresenti yotuluka pamwamba pa gulu lofunikira (λ₁–λ₂). Mawindo ogwira ntchito bwino amatha kupitirira99%mkati mwa gulu lopangira (ndi zokutira zoyenera za AR pa malo otseguka).

5. Kukhazikika- Chofunika kwambiri pa mawindo okhala ndi chitsulo; nthawi zambiri amatsimikiziridwa kudzera mu mayeso otulutsa madzi a helium, okhala ndi kuchuluka kotsika kwa madzi monga< 1 × 10⁻⁸ cc/s(atm Iye).

6. Kugwirizana kwa Brazing– Chitsulocho chiyenera kunyowa ndi kulumikizidwa bwino ndi zinthu zodzaza (monga AuSn, AgCu eutectic) ndikupirira kutentha ndi kupsinjika kwa makina.

7. Ubwino wa pamwamba- Kukumba ndi Kukanda (monga,60-40kapena kuposa pamenepo); manambala ang'onoang'ono amasonyeza zolakwika zochepa/zopepuka.

8. Chithunzi cha pamwamba- Kupatuka kwa kusalala, komwe nthawi zambiri kumafotokozedwa m'mafunde pa kutalika kwa kutalika kwa nthawi inayake (mwachitsanzo,λ/4, λ/10 @ 632.8 nm); mitengo yocheperako imatanthauza kuti ikhale yosalala bwino.

Mzere wofunikira

Mawindo a kuwala opangidwa ndi zitsulo ali pafupi ndimagwiridwe antchito a kuwalandimagwiridwe antchito a makina/magetsiAmapita patsogolo kuposa kungofalitsa uthenga, mongazotchinga zoteteza, zishango za EMI, malo olumikizirana ndi magetsi, ndi milatho yamagetsiKusankha yankho loyenera kumafuna kafukufuku wamalonda pamlingo wa dongosolo: Kodi mukufuna conductivity? Brazed hermeticity? Kodi gulu logwirira ntchito ndi lotani? Kodi katundu wokhudzana ndi chilengedwe ndi woopsa bwanji? Mayankho ake amalimbikitsa kusankha substrate, metallization stack, ndi njira yopangira.

Ndi kuphatikiza kumeneku kwakulondola kwa sikelo yaying'ono(makumi a nanometers a mafilimu achitsulo opangidwa ndi akatswiri) ndikulimba kwa macro-scale(ngakhale kusiyana kwa kupanikizika ndi kusintha kwa kutentha koopsa) zomwe zimapangitsa mawindo owoneka ndi zitsulo kukhala ofunikira kwambiri"windo lalikulu"—kulumikiza dera lofewa la kuwala ndi mikhalidwe yovuta kwambiri padziko lapansi.