Metallized Optical Windows: Zothandizira Zosagwiritsidwa Ntchito mu Precision Optics

Mu machitidwe olondola a optics ndi optoelectronic, zigawo zosiyanasiyana zimakhala ndi gawo linalake, zimagwira ntchito limodzi kuti zikwaniritse ntchito zovuta. Chifukwa chakuti zigawozi zimapangidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana, mankhwala awo apamwamba amasiyananso. Zina mwa zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri,mawindo a kuwalazimabwera m'mitundu yambiri yama process. Kagawo kakang'ono kowoneka kophweka koma kofunikira ndizenera lazitsulo lazitsulo-osati kokha "woyang'anira pakhomo" wa njira ya kuwala, komanso woonawothandiziraya magwiridwe antchito. Tiyeni tione bwinobwino.

Kodi zenera lazitsulo lopangidwa ndi zitsulo ndi chiyani, ndipo n'chifukwa chiyani mumayimitsa?

1) Tanthauzo

Mwachidule, azenera lazitsulo lazitsulondi chigawo cha kuwala chomwe gawo lake laling'ono-kawirikawiri galasi, silika wosakanikirana, safiro, ndi zina zotero - zimakhala ndi zitsulo zopyapyala (kapena multilayer) zachitsulo (mwachitsanzo, Cr, Au, Ag, Al, Ni) zoyikidwa m'mphepete mwake kapena pamalo osankhidwa pamwamba pogwiritsa ntchito njira zowonongeka zowonongeka monga evaporation kapena sputtering.

Kuchokera muzosefera zotakata, mazenera azitsulo aliayizosefera zachikhalidwe "optical". Zosefera zakale (mwachitsanzo, bandpass, long-pass) zidapangidwa kuti zizitha kusuntha mosasankha kapena kuwonetsa magulu ena owoneka bwino, kusintha mawonekedwe a kuwala. Anzenera la kuwala, mosiyana, ndi chitetezo makamaka. Iyenera kusungakufala kwambiripagulu lalikulu (mwachitsanzo, VIS, IR, kapena UV) poperekakudzipatula kwa chilengedwe ndi kusindikiza.

Ndendende, zenera zitsulo ndispecialized subclasspawindo la kuwala. Kusiyanitsa kwake kuli muzitsulo, zomwe zimagwira ntchito pazenera wamba sizingapereke.

2) Chifukwa chiyani metallize? Zolinga zazikulu ndi zopindulitsa

Kupaka chinthu chowoneka bwino ndi chitsulo chosawoneka bwino kungamveke ngati kosagwirizana, koma ndi chisankho chanzeru, choyendetsedwa ndi cholinga. Metallization imathandizira chimodzi kapena zingapo mwa izi:

(a) Electromagnetic interference (EMI) chitetezo
M'makina ambiri amagetsi ndi optoelectronic, masensa tcheru (mwachitsanzo, CCD/CMOS) ndi ma lasers ali pachiwopsezo cha EMI yakunja-ndipo amathanso kutulutsa zosokoneza okha. A mosalekeza, conductive zitsulo wosanjikiza pa zenera akhoza kuchita ngati aFaraday khola, kulola kuwala kwina ndikutsekereza madera osafunikira a RF/EM, motero kukhazikika kwa chipangizocho.

(b) Kulumikiza magetsi ndi kuyatsa pansi
The metallized wosanjikiza ndi conductive. Mwa soldering chitsogozo kwa izo kapena kukhudzana ndi nyumba zitsulo, inu mukhoza kupanga njira magetsi zinthu wokwera mkati mwa zenera (mwachitsanzo, heaters, masensa kutentha, maelekitirodi) kapena kumanga zenera pansi kuti dissipate static ndi kuonjezera chitetezo.

(c) Kusindikiza kwa Hermetic
Iyi ndi nkhani yogwiritsa ntchito mwala wapangodya. Pazida zomwe zimafuna vacuum yayikulu kapena mpweya wolowera (monga machubu a laser, machubu opangira mafotomultiplier, masensa amlengalenga), zenera liyenera kulumikizidwa ndi phukusi lachitsulo ndichosindikizira chokhazikika, chodalirika kwambiri. Kugwiritsakuwomba, mkombero wazitsulo wazenera umalumikizidwa ndi nyumba yachitsulo kuti ikwaniritse bwino kwambiri kuposa kulumikiza zomatira, kuwonetsetsa kukhazikika kwa chilengedwe kwanthawi yayitali.

(d) Zobowola ndi zophimba nkhope
Metallization sayenera kuphimba pamwamba; ikhoza kutsatiridwa. Kuyika chigoba chachitsulo (mwachitsanzo, chozungulira kapena lalikulu) kumatanthawuza ndendendepobowo bwino, imatchinga kuwala kosokera, ndikuwongolera SNR ndi mtundu wazithunzi.

Kumene mazenera azitsulo amagwiritsidwa ntchito

Chifukwa cha kuthekera uku, mazenera opangidwa ndi zitsulo amafalitsidwa kwambiri kulikonse komwe kuli kofunikira:

• Chitetezo & Zamlengalenga:ofunafuna mizinga, zolipira za satellite, makina oyendera ndege a IR - komwe kugwedezeka, kutentha kwambiri, ndi EMI yamphamvu ndizofala. Metallization imabweretsa chitetezo, kusindikiza, ndi kutchinga.

• Makampani apamwamba & kafukufuku:ma lasers amphamvu kwambiri, zowunikira ma particle, malo owonera vacuum, ma cryostats - mapulogalamu omwe amafunikira kukhulupirika kwa vacuum, kulolerana ndi ma radiation, ndi malo odalirika amagetsi.

• Sayansi ya Zamankhwala & Moyo:zida zokhala ndi ma laser ophatikizika (mwachitsanzo, ma flow cytometer) omwe amayenera kusindikiza pabowo la laser pomwe akutulutsa mtengowo.

• Kulumikizana & kumva:ma module a fiber-optic ndi masensa a gasi omwe amapindula ndi kutetezedwa kwa EMI pakuyera kwazizindikiro.

Zofunikira zazikulu ndi zosankha

Pofotokoza kapena kuwunika mazenera opangidwa ndi zitsulo, yang'anani pa:

1. Zida zapansi- Imatsimikizira magwiridwe antchito a mawonekedwe ndi thupi:

• BK7/K9 galasi:zachuma; zogwirizana ndi mawonekedwe.

• Silika yosakanikirana:kufala kwambiri kuchokera ku UV kupita ku NIR; CTE yotsika komanso kukhazikika bwino.

• Sapphire:cholimba kwambiri, chosakanda, chokhoza kutentha kwambiri; yotakata UV-pakati-IR zofunikira m'malo ovuta.

• Si/Ge:makamaka zamagulu a IR.

2. Khomo Loyera (CA)- Deralo limatsimikizika kuti likumana ndi zowunikira. Madera opangidwa ndi zitsulo nthawi zambiri amakhala kunja (ndi zazikulu kuposa) za CA.

3. Metallization mtundu & makulidwe-

• CrNthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito potsekera zotchingira kuwala komanso ngati zomatira/zomangira.

• Auimapereka ma conductivity apamwamba komanso kukana kwa okosijeni kwa soldering / brazing.
  Makulidwe enieni: makumi mpaka mazana a nanometers, opangidwa kuti azigwira ntchito.

4. Kutumiza- Peresenti yodutsa pagulu lomwe mukufuna (λ₁–λ₂). Mawindo ochita bwino kwambiri amatha kupitilira99%mkati mwa bandi yopangira (yokhala ndi zokutira zoyenera za AR pamabowo omveka bwino).

5. Hermeticity- Zofunikira pamawindo olimba; amatsimikiziridwa kawirikawiri kudzera mu kuyesa kwa helium kutayikira, ndi ziwopsezo zochulukira zochulukira monga<1 × 10⁻⁸ cc/s(atm Iye).

6. Kugwirizana kwa Brazing- Mulu wachitsulo uyenera kunyowa ndikulumikizana bwino ndi zodzaza zosankhidwa (mwachitsanzo, AuSn, AgCu eutectic) ndikupirira panjinga yotentha komanso kupsinjika kwamakina.

7. Ubwino wapamwamba- Scratch-Dig (mwachitsanzo,60-40kapena bwino); manambala ang'onoang'ono amasonyeza zolakwika zochepa/zopepuka.

8. Chithunzi chapamwamba- Kupatuka kwa flatness, komwe kumatchulidwa m'mafunde pa utali woperekedwa (mwachitsanzo,λ/4, λ/10 @ 632.8 nm); zing'onozing'ono zimatanthawuza kusalala bwino.

Mzere wapansi

Mawindo a Metallized Optical amakhala pa nexus yamawonekedwe a kuwalandintchito zamakina/magetsi. Iwo amapitirira kufalitsa chabe, kutumikira ngatizotchinga zoteteza, EMI zishango, hermetic interfaces, ndi milatho magetsi. Kusankha yankho loyenera kumafuna phunziro lazamalonda ladongosolo: Kodi mukufuna kuchita bwino? Brazed hermeticity? Kodi gulu logwirira ntchito ndi chiyani? Kodi katundu wa chilengedwe ndi wovuta bwanji? Mayankho amayendetsa kusankha kwa gawo lapansi, stack metallization, ndi njira yopangira.

Ndi ndendende kuphatikiza ukukulondola kwa microscale(makumi a nanometers a mafilimu opangidwa ndi zitsulo) ndimacro-scale robustness(kusagwirizana ndi kupanikizika komanso kusinthasintha kwamphamvu) zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mazenera opangidwa ndi zitsulo akhale ofunikira kwambiri"windo lalikulu"—kugwirizanitsa mawonekedwe owoneka bwino ndi zovuta zenizeni zapadziko lapansi.