Chifukwa chiyani tchipisi zamakono zimatentha kwambiri

Pamene ma transistors a nanoscale akusintha pa gigahertz rate, ma elekitironi amathamanga kudzera m'ma circuits ndipo amataya mphamvu ngati kutentha—kutentha komweko komwe mumamva pamene laputopu kapena foni ikutentha mosayenera. Kuyika ma transistors ambiri pa chip kumasiya malo ochepa ochotsera kutenthako. M'malo mofalikira mofanana kudzera mu silicon, kutentha kumasonkhana m'malo otentha omwe amatha kutentha madigiri makumi ambiri kuposa madera ozungulira. Pofuna kupewa kuwonongeka ndi kutayika kwa magwiridwe antchito, makina amasuntha ma CPU ndi ma GPU kutentha kukakwera.

Kukula kwa vuto la kutentha

Chomwe chinayamba ngati mpikisano wochepetsa mphamvu yamagetsi chakhala nkhondo ndi kutentha m'magetsi onse. Pakompyuta, magwiridwe antchito amapitilira kukweza mphamvu (ma seva payekha amatha kugwiritsa ntchito ma kilowatts makumi ambiri). Pakulankhulana, ma circuit a digito ndi analog amafuna mphamvu zambiri za transistor kuti apeze zizindikiro zamphamvu komanso deta yofulumira. Pamagetsi amphamvu, magwiridwe antchito abwino akuchepa kwambiri chifukwa cha zoletsa kutentha.

Njira ina: kufalitsa kutentha mkati mwa chip

M'malo molola kutentha kukhala kwakukulu, lingaliro labwino ndilakutichepetsamkati mwa chipupacho—monga kutsanulira kapu ya madzi otentha mu dziwe losambira. Ngati kutentha kwafalikira kumene kwapangidwa, zipangizo zotentha kwambiri zimakhala zozizira ndipo zoziziritsira wamba (zotenthetsera, mafani, malupu amadzimadzi) zimagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri. Izi zimafunazinthu zotenthetsera kutentha kwambiri, zoteteza magetsiamaphatikiza ma nanometer okha kuchokera ku ma transistors ogwira ntchito popanda kusokoneza mawonekedwe awo ofooka. Chinthu chosayembekezereka chikugwirizana ndi izi:diamondi.

Chifukwa chiyani diamondi?

Daimondi ndi imodzi mwa ma thermal conductors abwino kwambiri odziwika—okwera kangapo kuposa mkuwa—komanso ndi insulator yamagetsi. Vuto ndi kuphatikiza: njira zachikhalidwe zokulira zimafuna kutentha pafupifupi 900–1000 °C, zomwe zingawononge ma circuitry apamwamba. Kupita patsogolo kwaposachedwa kukuwonetsa kuti woondadiamondi ya polycrystallineMafilimu (okha okhala ndi makulidwe a ma micrometer ochepa) amatha kulimidwa pakutentha kotsika kwambiriyoyenera zipangizo zomalizidwa.

Zoziziritsa masiku ano ndi malire ake

Kuziziritsa kwakukulu kumayang'ana kwambiri pa malo abwino oziziritsira kutentha, mafani, ndi zipangizo zolumikizira. Ofufuza amafufuzanso kuziziritsa kwa madzi a microfluidic, zipangizo zosintha magawo, komanso kumiza ma seva mu zakumwa zoziziritsa kutentha zomwe zimathandizira kutentha. Izi ndi njira zofunika, koma zimatha kukhala zazikulu, zodula, kapena zosafanana ndi zomwe zikubwera.Zokongoletsedwa ndi 3Dmapangidwe a chip, komwe zigawo zingapo za silicon zimachita ngati "skyscraper." M'mizere yotereyi, gawo lililonse liyenera kutulutsa kutentha; apo ayi malo otentha amakhala mkati.

Momwe mungakulitsire diamondi yogwirizana ndi zipangizo

Daimondi yokhala ndi galasi limodzi imakhala ndi kutentha kodabwitsa (≈2200–2400 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹, pafupifupi nthawi zisanu ndi chimodzi kuposa mkuwa). Mafilimu opangidwa ndi polycrystalline osavuta kupanga amatha kufika pamtengo uwu akamakhuthala mokwanira—ndipo amakhalabe abwino kuposa mkuwa ngakhale akamachepa. Kuyika kwa nthunzi ya mankhwala mwachizolowezi kumakhudza methane ndi haidrojeni pa kutentha kwakukulu, ndikupanga ma nanocolumns a diamondi olunjika omwe pambuyo pake amaphatikizana kukhala filimu; panthawiyo wosanjikizawo umakhala wokhuthala, wopanikizika, komanso wosweka mosavuta.
Kukula kwa kutentha kochepa kumafuna njira ina. Kungochepetsa kutentha kumabweretsa utsi wotulutsa mpweya m'malo moteteza diamondi.mpweyaimadula kaboni yopanda diamondi mosalekeza, zomwe zimathandizadiamondi ya polycrystalline yamitundu ikuluikulu pa ~400 °C, kutentha komwe kumagwirizana ndi ma circuits apamwamba ophatikizidwa. Chofunikanso ndichakuti, njirayi imatha kuphimba osati malo opingasa okha komansomakoma a m'mbali, zomwe ndizofunikira pa zipangizo za 3D.

Kukana kwa malire a kutentha (TBR): bottleneck ya phonon

Kutentha mu zinthu zolimba kumayendetsedwa ndimafoni(kugwedezeka kwa lattice koyezedwa). Pa malo olumikizirana azinthu, ma phononi amatha kuwonetsa ndi kuwunjikana, ndikupangakukana malire a kutentha (TBR)zomwe zimalepheretsa kutentha kuyenda. Uinjiniya wa ma interface umayesetsa kuchepetsa TBR, koma zosankha zimakhala zochepa chifukwa cha kugwirizana kwa semiconductor. Pa ma interface ena, kusakaniza kumatha kupanga chocheperakosilicon carbide (SiC)gawo lomwe limagwirizana bwino ndi ma phonon spectra mbali zonse ziwiri, limagwira ntchito ngati "mlatho" ndikuchepetsa TBR—motero limawongolera kusamutsa kutentha kuchokera ku zipangizo kupita ku diamondi.

Malo oyesera: GaN HEMTs (ma transistors a ma radio-frequency)

Ma transistors oyenda ndi ma electron ambiri (HEMTs) ozikidwa pa gallium nitride control current mu gasi ya 2D electron ndipo amayamikiridwa chifukwa cha ntchito yamphamvu kwambiri (kuphatikiza X-band ≈8–12 GHz ndi W-band ≈75–110 GHz). Chifukwa kutentha kumapangidwa pafupi kwambiri ndi pamwamba, ndi probe yabwino kwambiri ya gawo lililonse lofalikira kutentha mkati. Pamene diamondi yopyapyala ikuphimba chipangizocho—kuphatikizapo makoma am'mbali—kutentha kwa njira kwawonedwa kuti kukuchepa ndi~70 °C, ndi kusintha kwakukulu kwa kutentha kwa nyumba yamagetsi pamagetsi amphamvu kwambiri.

Daimondi mu CMOS ndi 3D stacks

Mu makompyuta apamwamba,Kuyika zinthu za 3Dkumawonjezera kuchuluka kwa kuphatikiza ndi magwiridwe antchito koma kumabweretsa mavuto amkati mwa kutentha komwe zoziziritsira zachikhalidwe, zakunja sizigwira ntchito bwino. Kuphatikiza diamondi ndi silicon kungapangitsenso phinduSiC interlayer, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kutentha kukhale kwapamwamba kwambiri.
Kapangidwe kamodzi komwe kakuperekedwa ndimalo otenthetsera kutentha: mapepala a diamondi owonda ngati nanometer omwe ali pamwamba pa ma transistors mkati mwa dielectric, olumikizidwa ndima vias otenthetsera ozungulira ("zipilala zotenthetsera")zopangidwa ndi mkuwa kapena diamondi yowonjezera. Zipilala izi zimadutsa kutentha kuchokera pagawo lina kupita pa lina mpaka kufika pa choziziritsira chakunja. Zitsanzo zokhala ndi ntchito zenizeni zimasonyeza kuti nyumba zotere zimatha kuchepetsa kutentha kwambiri mwampaka kukula kwakukulum'mabungwe otsimikizira mfundo.

Zomwe zikupitirira kukhala zovuta

Mavuto akuluakulu ndi monga kupanga pamwamba pa diamondimwala wosalala wa atomikikuti pakhale kuphatikizana kosasunthika ndi maulumikizidwe ozungulira ndi ma dielectric, komanso njira zoyeretsera kotero mafilimu opyapyala amasunga kutentha kwabwino popanda kupsinjika kwa ma circuitry omwe ali pansi.

Chiyembekezo

Ngati njira izi zipitirira kukula,kutentha kwa diamondi mkati mwa chipZingathe kuchepetsa kwambiri kutentha kwa CMOS, RF, ndi zamagetsi zamagetsi—kulola kuti magwiridwe antchito apamwamba, kudalirika kwambiri, komanso kuphatikiza kwa 3D kolimba popanda chilango chanthawi zonse cha kutentha.